Minimal Decision Dynamics and Contextual Probability: A Quantum Tug-of-War Model
This paper develops a quantum-like extension of the Tug-of-War (QTOW) decision-making model to clarify when such context dependence can be represented by a single minimal internal state. The QTOW construction uses a qutrit internal state, conservation-preserving updates, and measurement-induced disturbance to model decision, learning, and probing operations within one coherent state space. Within this minimal representation, KCBS-type probing contexts can be constructed, yielding a witness of non-contextual classical non-embeddability.
- ▪This paper develops a quantum-like extension of the Tug-of-War (QTOW) decision-making model to clarify when such context dependence can be represented by a single minimal internal state.
- ▪The QTOW construction uses a qutrit internal state, conservation-preserving updates, and measurement-induced disturbance to model decision, learning, and probing operations within one coherent state space.
- ▪Within this minimal representation, KCBS-type probing contexts can be constructed, yielding a witness of non-contextual classical non-embeddability.
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Quantum Physics arXiv:2601.10034 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 15 Jan 2026 (v1), last revised 9 Jul 2026 (this version, v2)] Title:Minimal Decision Dynamics and Contextual Probability: A Quantum Tug-of-War Model Authors:Song-Ju Kim View a PDF of the paper titled Minimal Decision Dynamics and Contextual Probability: A Quantum Tug-of-War Model, by Song-Ju Kim View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Decision making often exhibits context dependence that challenges classical probability theory. This paper develops a quantum-like extension of the Tug-of-War (QTOW) decision-making model to clarify when such context dependence can be represented by a single minimal internal state.
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