Towards Data Science
Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning
Machine Learning Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning A primer about Semi-Supervised Learning, the approaches…
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Is This Slop? Detecting AI-Generated Content Without a Model
Detecting AI-Generated Content Without a Model Research-backed cues to detect LLM-generated text along with the…
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Building Document Structure with Loop Engineering: Recovering a PDF’s Outline from Body Typography for RAG
A structured RAG pipeline needs the document’s table of contents: retrieval scopes by section, and the chunker cuts on…
Towards Data Science
The Medallion Data Architecture: An Introduction
A CSV arrives from one system, JSON comes from another, a Parquet file from somewhere else. Weeks and months go past,…
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How to Get More Statistical Power from Fewer Research Participants
I will tell you that history while explaining the simulation, like one of those online recipes that interweaves a…
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Are Home Teams Favoured by Referees in Football/Soccer?
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Using Agents as Tools
Agentic AI Using Agents as Tools Building manager–specialist workflows with the OpenAI Agents SDK Shuai Guo Aug 4,…
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Prompt, Context, Loop: The Three Engineering Layers Every RAG System Is Built On
Knowing which layer you are standing on is half of building and debugging RAG angela shi Aug 3, 2026 23 min read Share…
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How to Build CLI Agents with Python & Ollama
CLI AI Agents are the latest step in the evolution of developer tools. They combine the power of LLMs with direct…
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The AI Was the Easy Part: What Is a Forward-Deployed Engineer in a Supply Chain?
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How Claude Help Me Build My $200k+ ML Resume
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How to Apply Coding Agents to Non-Programming Tasks
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I Replaced a 15-Minute Booking Process with a LangGraph AI Agent
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Coding Agents Don’t Need Bigger Context Windows — They Need a Context Compiler
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Put the Agent Inside the Workflow
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The 3× Token Bill We Didn’t See Coming
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When the Code Becomes the CEO: Why Your Next Manager Might Be a Decentralized Agentic Loop
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How to Debug AI Coding Agents When They Change the Wrong Thing
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How Benders Decomposition Works Part I: Optimality Cuts
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The Python Ecosystem That Changed AI Development
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How to Organize All of Your Coding Agent Tasks
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How to Build a Context Layer and a Company Brain
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A Simplified View of the Jacobian Conjecture
Math A Simplified View of the Jacobian Conjecture The full conjecture is stated over abstract fields, but the…
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How to Decode the Temperature Parameter in LLMs
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Prompt Engineering Is Solved—Prompt Management Isn’t
It’s what inevitably happens when a prompt’s input variables change and zero tooling checks the actual call sites…
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Why Your Best Predictive Model Gives the Wrong Treatment Effect
Data Science Why Your Best Predictive Model Gives the Wrong Treatment Effect Why prediction-driven variable selection…
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Los Movimientos, Part II: Solving Large Pickup-and-Delivery Problems with Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search
The article discusses using Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) to solve large-scale pickup-and-delivery routing…
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Avoiding Entity Key Drift in a Data Lake: Step 1, Normalization
Assigning a primary key to an identifier string the first time you observe it is a reasonable starting point. An…
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How Much Does a Local LLM Actually Cost to Run? I Measured Every Watt on Apple Silicon
Large Language Models How Much Does a Local LLM Actually Cost to Run? I Measured Every Watt on Apple Silicon Five…
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MCP Explained: How Modern AI Agents Connect to the Real World
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Don’t Just “Throw Adam at It”: Misunderstanding Adam Will Cost You
Machine Learning Don’t Just “Throw Adam at It”: Misunderstanding Adam Will Cost You You "vibe-coded" the import.…
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Backpropagation Explained for Beginners (Part 2): There Has to Be a Better Way
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“Los Movimientos”: The Routing Problem That Nearly Broke My Spirit
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Reducing Human Annotation with ML Active Learning
Machine Learning Reducing Human Annotation with ML Active Learning In a world where human time is expensive, learn how…
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The Most Beautiful Statistic: The History and the Science of the Humble Mean
The first month was spent in orbit around the martian planet and on July 20, 1976 Viking Lander 1 separated from the…
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How I Reproduced BM25, Dense Retrieval, and SPLADE on a 16GB MacBook
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How to Efficiently Prompt Claude Code
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How to Give an LLM Agent a Browser
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How to Optimize Vector Search When RAM Gets Too Expensive: On-Disk vs. In-Memory ANN Indexes
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The Fluid Simulator That Doesn’t Solve the Fluid Equations
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Lessons Learned After 8.5 Years of ML
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When Data Science Makes Us Sad: The Story of an Overbooked Flight
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Tabular LLMs: An Introduction to the Foundation Models That Predict Your Spreadsheet
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Build and Run an Intelligent Document Processing (IDP) System in the Cloud
The system was designed to allow Freedom of Information-type requests from Irish citizens wanting to know whether…
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Loop Engineering for RAG Generation: An LLM Cascade from a Cheap Local Model Up to a Hosted Flagship
You have a few hundred typed fields to pull out of a stack of real documents: amounts, dates, coverage limits, one…
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Context Windows Forget What Matters — I Built a Usage-Reinforced Decay Engine for AI Agent Memory
Emmimal P Alexander Jul 24, 2026 23 min read Share Image by the author, generated with ChatGPT (DALL·E) TL;DR: Most…
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Most RAG Hallucinations Are Extraction Errors: Seven Patterns for a Typed Generation Contract
Large Language Model Most RAG Hallucinations Are Extraction Errors: Seven Patterns for a Typed Generation Contract…
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Prompt Engineering Isn’t Enough: How Four Bricks of Context Engineering Stop RAG Hallucinations
Large Language Models Prompt Engineering Isn’t Enough: How Four Bricks of Context Engineering Stop RAG Hallucinations…
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Loop Engineering with Adaptive Parsing in Action: Parsing Flat Tables with Azure and Figures with a Vision LLM
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Towards Data Science
Water Cooler Small Talk, Ep. 12: Byzantine Fault Tolerance
The concept of Byzantine Fault Tolerance allows a system to operate properly even when malicious actors are present.…
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